Ukucushwa kwe-electron kubhalwe ngokuthola wonke ama-electron e-athomu noma i-ion kuma-orbitals awo noma kuma-sublevels wamandla.
Khumbula ukuthi kunamazinga angu-7 wamandla: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 kanye no-7. Futhi ngamunye wabo unamazinga aphansi afinyelela kwangu-4 abizwa ngokuthi s, p, d kanye no-f.
Ngakho, ileveli 1 iqukethe kuphela ileveli engaphansi; Ileveli yesi-2 iqukethe ama-syp sublevels; Izinga lesi-3 liqukethe amazinga amancane s, p kanye no-d; futhi amazinga 4 kuya ku-7 aqukethe amazinga amancane s, p, d kanye no-f.
Ukucushwa kwe-electron
Ukuze ubale ukusatshalaliswa kwama-electron kumazinga ahlukene wamandla, ukucushwa kwe-Electron kuthatha izinombolo ze-quantum njengereferensi noma kumane kuzisebenzisele ukusatshalaliswa. Lezi zinombolo zisivumela ukuthi sichaze amazinga wamandla ama-electron noma i-electron eyodwa, futhi zichaza ukuma kwe-orbitals elikubonayo ekusakazeni kwama-electron emkhathini.
Ithebula Lokucushwa Kwezinto
| Igama Element | uphawu | Inombolo ye-Atomic | I-Electronegativity |
|---|---|---|---|
| I-Actinium | [Ac] | 89 | 1.1 |
| Aluminum | [Al] | 13 | 1.61 |
| I-Americium | [Am] | 95 | 1.3 |
| Antimony | [Sb] | 51 | 2.05 |
| I-Argon | [Ar] | 18 | |
| arsenic | [As] | 33 | 2.18 |
| I-Astatine | [At] | 85 | 2.2 |
| Barium | [Ba] | 56 | 0.89 |
| IBerkelium | [Bk] | 97 | 1.3 |
| I-Beryllium | [Be] | 4 | 1.57 |
| I-Bismuth | [Bi] | 83 | 2.02 |
| I-Bohrium | [Bh] | 107 | |
| boron | [B] | 5 | 2.04 |
| I-Bromine | [Br] | 35 | 2.96 |
| I-Cadmium | [Cd] | 48 | 1.69 |
| Calcium | [Ca] | 20 | 1 |
| I-Californium | [Cf] | 98 | 1.3 |
| I-Carbon | [C] | 6 | 2.55 |
| I-Cerium | [Ce] | 58 | 1.12 |
| I-Cesium | [Cs] | 55 | 0.79 |
| I-chlorine | [Cl] | 17 | 3.16 |
| Chromium | [Cr] | 24 | 1.66 |
| Cobalt | [Co] | 27 | 1.88 |
| Copper | [Cu] | 29 | 1.9 |
| I-Curium | [Cm] | 96 | 1.3 |
| I-Darmstadtium | [Ds] | 110 | |
| I-Dubnium | [Db] | 105 | |
| I-Dysprosium | [Dy] | 66 | 1.22 |
| I-Einsteinium | [Es] | 99 | 1.3 |
| I-Erbium | [Er] | 68 | 1.24 |
| I-Europium | [Eu] | 63 | |
| I-Fermium | [Fm] | 100 | 1.3 |
| I-fluorine | [F] | 9 | 3.98 |
| I-Francium | [Fr] | 87 | 0.7 |
| I-Gadolinium | [Gd] | 64 | 1.2 |
| Gallium | [Ga] | 31 | 1.81 |
| I-Germanium | [Ge] | 32 | 2.01 |
| Gold | [Au] | 79 | 2.54 |
| I-Hafnium | [Hf] | 72 | 1.3 |
| I-Hassium | [Hs] | 108 | |
| I-Helium | [He] | 2 | |
| IHolmium | [Ho] | 67 | 1.23 |
| I-Hydrogen | [H] | 1 | 2.2 |
| Indiya | [In] | 49 | 1.78 |
| I-iodine | [I] | 53 | 2.66 |
| I-Iridium | [Ir] | 77 | 2.2 |
| Iron | [Fe] | 26 | 1.83 |
| Krypton | [Kr] | 36 | 3 |
| I-Lanthanum | [La] | 57 | 1.1 |
| I-Lawrencium | [Lr] | 103 | |
| Ukuhola | [Pb] | 82 | 2.33 |
| Lithium | [Li] | 3 | 0.98 |
| ILutetium | [Lu] | 71 | 1.27 |
| magnesium | [Mg] | 12 | 1.31 |
| I-Manganese | [Mn] | 25 | 1.55 |
| IMeitnerium | [Mt] | 109 | |
| I-Mendelevium | [Md] | 101 | 1.3 |
| Mercury | [Hg] | 80 | 2 |
| I-Molybdenum | [Mo] | 42 | 2.16 |
| I-Neodymium | [Nd] | 60 | 1.14 |
| neon | [Ne] | 10 | |
| I-Neptunium | [Np] | 93 | 1.36 |
| nickel | [Ni] | 28 | 1.91 |
| INiobium | [Nb] | 41 | 1.6 |
| nitrogen | [N] | 7 | 3.04 |
| INobelium | [No] | 102 | 1.3 |
| Oganesson | [Uuo] | 118 | |
| Osmium | [Os] | 76 | 2.2 |
| Umoya-mpilo | [O] | 8 | 3.44 |
| palladium | [Pd] | 46 | 2.2 |
| phosphorus | [P] | 15 | 2.19 |
| Platinum | [Pt] | 78 | 2.28 |
| Plutonium | [Pu] | 94 | 1.28 |
| I-Polonium | [Po] | 84 | 2 |
| potassium | [K] | 19 | 0.82 |
| I-Praseodymium | [Pr] | 59 | 1.13 |
| I-Prformum | [Pm] | 61 | |
| I-Protactinium | [Pa] | 91 | 1.5 |
| I-Radium | [Ra] | 88 | 0.9 |
| I-Radon | [Rn] | 86 | |
| IRhenium | [Re] | 75 | 1.9 |
| I-Rhodium | [Rh] | 45 | 2.28 |
| I-Roentgenium | [Rg] | 111 | |
| I-Rubidium | [Rb] | 37 | 0.82 |
| Ruthenium | [Ru] | 44 | 2.2 |
| URutherfordium | [Rf] | 104 | |
| ISamarium | [Sm] | 62 | 1.17 |
| Scandium | [Sc] | 21 | 1.36 |
| I-Seaborgium | [Sg] | 106 | |
| selenium | [Se] | 34 | 2.55 |
| Silicon | [Si] | 14 | 1.9 |
| Silver | [Ag] | 47 | 1.93 |
| Sodium | [Na] | 11 | 0.93 |
| Strontium | [Sr] | 38 | 0.95 |
| Sulfure | [S] | 16 | 2.58 |
| I-Tantalum | [Ta] | 73 | 1.5 |
| I-Technetium | [Tc] | 43 | 1.9 |
| I-Sayurium | [Te] | 52 | 2.1 |
| Terbium | [Tb] | 65 | |
| Thallium | [Tl] | 81 | 1.62 |
| IThorium | [Th] | 90 | 1.3 |
| Thulium | [Tm] | 69 | 1.25 |
| Tin | [Sn] | 50 | 1.96 |
| titanium | [Ti] | 22 | 1.54 |
| I-Tungsten | [W] | 74 | 2.36 |
| Ununbium | [Uub] | 112 | |
| Ununhexium | [Uuh] | 116 | |
| I-Ununpentium | [Uup] | 115 | |
| I-Ununquadium | [Uuq] | 114 | |
| I-Ununseptium | [Uus] | 117 | |
| I-Ununtrium | [Uut] | 113 | |
| I-uranium | [U] | 92 | 1.38 |
| Vanadium | [V] | 23 | 1.63 |
| Xenon | [Xe] | 54 | 2.6 |
| Ytterbium | [Yb] | 70 | |
| I-Yttrium | [Y] | 39 | 1.22 |
| Zinc | [Zn] | 30 | 1.65 |
| IZirconium | [Zr] | 40 | 1.33 |
Izakhi okuxoxwe ngazo kakhulu!
Ngenxa yokucushwa kwe-Electron, kungenzeka ukusungula izakhiwo zokuhlanganiswa kusuka endaweni yamakhemikhali yama-athomu, ngenxa yalokhu, ukuthi indawo ehambisana nayo etafuleni le-periodic yaziwa. Lokhu kumiswa kubonisa ukuhleleka kwe-electron ngayinye emazingeni ahlukene wamandla, okungukuthi kuma-orbits, noma imane ibonise ukusatshalaliswa kwawo eduze kwe-nucleus ye-athomu.
Kungani kubalulekile ukucushwa kwama-electron?
Lapho i-electron iqhelelene ne-nucleus, leli zinga lamandla liyoba phezulu. Uma ama-electron esezingeni elifanayo lamandla, leli zinga lithatha igama le-orbitals yamandla. Ungahlola ukucushwa kwe-Electron kwazo zonke izakhi usebenzisa ithebula elivela ngenhla kwalo mbhalo wokufundisa.
Ukucushwa kwe-Electron kwezakhi kusebenzisa inombolo ye-athomu ye-elementi etholwa ngethebula le-periodic. Kudingeka ukwazi ukuthi yini i-electron, ukuze ufunde lesi sihloko esibalulekile ngokuningiliziwe.
Lokhu kuhlonza kwenziwa ngenxa yezinombolo ezine ze-quantum i-electron ngayinye enazo, okungukuthi:
- inombolo enamandla kazibuthe: ikhombisa umumo we-orbital lapho i-electron itholakala khona.
- inombolo ye-quantum eyinhloko: izinga lamandla lapho i-electron itholakala khona.
- Spin inombolo ye-quantum: ibhekisela ekujikeni kwe-electron.
- Inombolo ye-azimuthal noma yesibili ye-quantum: iyi-orbit lapho i-electron itholakala khona.
Izinjongo zokucushwa kwe-Electron.
Inhloso eyinhloko yokucushwa kwama-electron iwukucacisa ukuhleleka nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla kwama-athomu, ikakhulukazi ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga ngalinye lamandla kanye neleveli ephansi.
Izinhlobo zokucushwa kwe-Electron.
- Ukucushwa okuzenzakalelayo.
- Ukucushwa okunwetshiwe. Ngenxa yalokhu kumisa, i-electron ngayinye ye-athomu imelelwa kusetshenziswa imicibisholo ukuze imele ukuphonswa ngakunye. Kulesi simo, ukugcwaliswa kwenziwa kucatshangelwa umthetho ka-Hund wokuphindaphinda kanye nomgomo ka-Pauli wokukhipha.
- ukumisa okufingqiwe. Wonke amazinga agcwala ekucushweni okujwayelekile amelelwa igesi esezingeni eliphezulu, lapho kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwenombolo ye-athomu yegesi kanye nenani lama-electron agcwalise izinga lokugcina. Lawa magesi ahloniphekile yilawa: He, Ar, Ne, Kr, Rn kanye noXe.
- Ukucushwa okunwetshwe kancane. Kuyingxube phakathi kokucushwa okunwetshiwe kanye nokucushwa okufingqiwe. Kuyo, ama-electron kuphela wezinga lokugcina lamandla amelwe.
Amaphuzu abalulekile okubhala ukucushwa kwe-electron ye-athomu.
- Kufanele wazi inombolo yama-electron i-athomu enawo, ngalokho kufanele wazi inombolo yayo ye-athomu njengoba lokhu kulingana nenani lama-electron.
- Beka ama-electron ezingeni ngalinye lamandla, uqale ngeseduze kakhulu.
- Hlonipha umthamo omkhulu wezinga ngalinye.
Izinyathelo zokuthola ukucushwa kwe-electron yento
Kulokhu, inombolo ye-athomu etafuleni le-periodic ihlale ikhonjiswa ebhokisini elingakwesokudla, isibonelo, esimweni se-hydrogen, kuyoba inombolo engu-1 ebonwa engxenyeni engenhla yaleli bhokisi, kuyilapho isisindo sayo se-athomu. noma inombolo ye-masico, iyona evalelwe engxenyeni engenhla kodwa kwesokunxele.
Ukusetshenziswa kwale nombolo ye-athomu kubangela ukucushwa kwayo ukuthi kunqunywe ngokusebenzisa izinombolo ze-quantum kanye nokusatshalaliswa okufanele kwama-electron ku-orbit.
Nazi ezinye izibonelo zokucushwa kwe-elementi.
- IHydrojeni, inombolo yayo ye-athomu ngu-1, okungukuthi Z=1, ngakho-ke, Z=1:1sa .
- I-Potassium, inombolo yayo ye-athomu ngu-19, ngakho-ke Z=19: 1syazo2syazo2P63syazo3p64syazo3dlokhu4pa.
Ukusabalalisa i-electron.
Ihambisana nokusatshalaliswa kwe-electron ngayinye kuma-orbitals kanye namazinga aphansi e-athomu. Lapha ukucushwa kwe-Electron kwalezi zakhi kulawulwa umdwebo we-Moeller.
Ukuze unqume ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Electron ye-elementi ngayinye, izinombolo kuphela okufanele zibhalwe ngokudayagonali kusukela phezulu kuye phansi futhi ukusuka kwesokudla kuye kwesokunxele.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi ngokuya ngokucushwa kwe-Electron.
Zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane, yilawa:
- amagesi amahle. Baqeda i-electron orbit yabo ngama-electron ayisishiyagalombili, ngaphandle kokubala Yena, onama-electron amabili.
- izakhi zoguquko. Imizila yazo emibili yokugcina ayiphelele.
- Izinto zangaphakathi zoshintsho. Lezi zinemizila yazo emithathu yokugcina ayiphelele.
- isici esimele. Lezi zine-orbit yangaphandle engaphelele.
Ukusebenza Ngezinto kanye Nezinhlanganisela
Ngenxa yokucushwa kwe-Electron kwezakhi, kungenzeka ukwazi inani lama-electron ama-athomu anawo emizileni yawo, okuba usizo kakhulu lapho kwakha i-ionic, izibopho ezihlangene nokwazi ama-electron e-valence, lokhu kokugcina kuhambisana nenani lama-electron. ukuthi i-athomu ye-elementi ethile inomjikelezo wayo wokugcina noma igobolondo.
I-Desnity of Elements
Zonke izinto zinesisindo nomthamo., nokho ubuningi bezinto ezahlukene buthatha amavolumu ahlukene.
