Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob yog sau los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas tag nrho cov hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom lossis ion hauv lawv cov orbitals lossis lub zog sublevels.
Nco qab tias muaj 7 qib zog: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 thiab 7. Thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj, nyob rau hauv lem, mus txog 4 lub zog sub-theem hu ua s, p, d thiab f.
Yog li, qib 1 tsuas muaj sublevel s; qib 2 muaj syp sublevels; qib 3 muaj sub-theem s, p thiab d; thiab qib 4 txog 7 muaj sublevels s, p, d thiab f.
Electron configuration
Txhawm rau xam qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv cov qib sib txawv ntawm lub zog, Electron configuration yuav siv cov lej quantum raws li kev siv lossis tsuas yog siv lawv rau kev faib khoom. Cov lej no tso cai rau peb piav qhia txog lub zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob lossis ib qho hluav taws xob, lawv kuj piav qhia txog cov duab ntawm lub orbitals uas nws pom tau hauv kev faib hluav taws xob hauv qhov chaw.
Element Configuration Table
| Lub Npe Lub Npe | cim | Cov lej Atomic | Kev Xaiv Hluav Taws Xob |
|---|---|---|---|
| Actinium | [Ac] | 89 | 1.1 |
| Txhuas | [Al] | 13 | 1.61 |
| Asmeskas | [Am] | 95 | 1.3 |
| antimony | [Sb] | 51 | 2.05 |
| argon | [Ar] | 18 | |
| arsenic | [As] | 33 | 2.18 |
| Astatine | [At] | 85 | 2.2 |
| Barium | [Ba] | 56 | 0.89 |
| Berkelium | [Bk] | 97 | 1.3 |
| Beryllium | [Be] | 4 | 1.57 |
| cov bismuth | [Bi] | 83 | 2.02 |
| Tub Npis | [Bh] | 107 | |
| boron | [B] | 5 | 2.04 |
| Bromine | [Br] | 35 | 2.96 |
| Cadmium | [Cd] | 48 | 1.69 |
| calcium | [Ca] | 20 | 1 |
| Californiaium | [Cf] | 98 | 1.3 |
| carbon | [C] | 6 | 2.55 |
| Cerium | [Ce] | 58 | 1.12 |
| Cesium | [Cs] | 55 | 0.79 |
| Cov tshuaj chlorine ua | [Cl] | 17 | 3.16 |
| chromium | [Cr] | 24 | 1.66 |
| cobalt | [Co] | 27 | 1.88 |
| Tooj | [Cu] | 29 | 1.9 |
| Cov Ntawv Qhuas | [Cm] | 96 | 1.3 |
| Darmstadtium | [Ds] | 110 | |
| Dubnium | [Db] | 105 | |
| Dysprosium | [Dy] | 66 | 1.22 |
| einsteinium | [Es] | 99 | 1.3 |
| Erbium | [Er] | 68 | 1.24 |
| Europium | [Eu] | 63 | |
| fermium | [Fm] | 100 | 1.3 |
| Tshuaj fluorine | [F] | 9 | 3.98 |
| Francium | [Fr] | 87 | 0.7 |
| Gadolinium | [Gd] | 64 | 1.2 |
| Kev sib tw | [Ga] | 31 | 1.81 |
| Germanium | [Ge] | 32 | 2.01 |
| kub | [Au] | 79 | 2.54 |
| Hafnium | [Hf] | 72 | 1.3 |
| Hoob Paj | [Hs] | 108 | |
| Helium | [He] | 2 | |
| Holmium | [Ho] | 67 | 1.23 |
| hydrogen | [H] | 1 | 2.2 |
| indium | [In] | 49 | 1.78 |
| iodine | [I] | 53 | 2.66 |
| Iridium | [Ir] | 77 | 2.2 |
| Hlau | [Fe] | 26 | 1.83 |
| Krypton | [Kr] | 36 | 3 |
| Yaj Ceeb | [La] | 57 | 1.1 |
| Lawrencium | [Lr] | 103 | |
| Lead | [Pb] | 82 | 2.33 |
| lithium | [Li] | 3 | 0.98 |
| Looj Ceeb | [Lu] | 71 | 1.27 |
| magnesium | [Mg] | 12 | 1.31 |
| manganese | [Mn] | 25 | 1.55 |
| Meitnerium | [Mt] | 109 | |
| Mendelevium | [Md] | 101 | 1.3 |
| Mercury | [Hg] | 80 | 2 |
| molybdenum | [Mo] | 42 | 2.16 |
| Neodymium | [Nd] | 60 | 1.14 |
| Neon | [Ne] | 10 | |
| Neptunium | [Np] | 93 | 1.36 |
| npib tsib xee | [Ni] | 28 | 1.91 |
| Niobium | [Nb] | 41 | 1.6 |
| nitrogen | [N] | 7 | 3.04 |
| Nobelium | [No] | 102 | 1.3 |
| Oganesson | [Uuo] | 118 | |
| Osmium | [Os] | 76 | 2.2 |
| pa | [O] | 8 | 3.44 |
| palladium | [Pd] | 46 | 2.2 |
| phosphorus | [P] | 15 | 2.19 |
| Platinum | [Pt] | 78 | 2.28 |
| plutonium | [Pu] | 94 | 1.28 |
| Polonium | [Po] | 84 | 2 |
| Poov tshuaj | [K] | 19 | 0.82 |
| Praseodymium | [Pr] | 59 | 1.13 |
| Promethium | [Pm] | 61 | |
| Protactinium | [Pa] | 91 | 1.5 |
| radium | [Ra] | 88 | 0.9 |
| Radon | [Rn] | 86 | |
| Rhenium | [Re] | 75 | 1.9 |
| Rhodium | [Rh] | 45 | 2.28 |
| Roentgenium | [Rg] | 111 | |
| Rubidium | [Rb] | 37 | 0.82 |
| Ruthenium | [Ru] | 44 | 2.2 |
| Rutherfordium | [Rf] | 104 | |
| Samarium | [Sm] | 62 | 1.17 |
| Scandium | [Sc] | 21 | 1.36 |
| Seaborium | [Sg] | 106 | |
| selenium | [Se] | 34 | 2.55 |
| Silicon | [Si] | 14 | 1.9 |
| nyiaj | [Ag] | 47 | 1.93 |
| sodium | [Na] | 11 | 0.93 |
| Strontium | [Sr] | 38 | 0.95 |
| sulfur | [S] | 16 | 2.58 |
| Tantalum | [Ta] | 73 | 1.5 |
| Kev Kawm Technetium | [Tc] | 43 | 1.9 |
| Tellurium | [Te] | 52 | 2.1 |
| Terbium | [Tb] | 65 | |
| Thallium | [Tl] | 81 | 1.62 |
| Thorium | [Th] | 90 | 1.3 |
| Thulium | [Tm] | 69 | 1.25 |
| Yajthem | [Sn] | 50 | 1.96 |
| titanium | [Ti] | 22 | 1.54 |
| Tungsten | [W] | 74 | 2.36 |
| Ununbium | [Uub] | 112 | |
| Ununhexium | [Uuh] | 116 | |
| Ununpentium | [Uup] | 115 | |
| Ununquadium | [Uuq] | 114 | |
| Ununseptium | [Uus] | 117 | |
| Ununtrium | [Uut] | 113 | |
| uranium | [U] | 92 | 1.38 |
| Vanadium | [V] | 23 | 1.63 |
| Xenon | [Xe] | 54 | 2.6 |
| Ytterbium | [Yb] | 70 | |
| Yttrium | [Y] | 39 | 1.22 |
| zinc | [Zn] | 30 | 1.65 |
| Zirconium | [Zr] | 40 | 1.33 |
Cov ntsiab lus sab laj tshaj plaws!
Ua tsaug rau Electron configuration, nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov khoom ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov atoms, ua tsaug rau qhov no, nws yog qhov chaw uas cuam tshuam rau nws hauv lub sijhawm lub sijhawm paub. Qhov kev teeb tsa no qhia txog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm txhua tus electron nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv zog, piv txwv li nyob rau hauv lub orbits, los yog tsuas yog qhia lawv tis nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus ntawm lub atom.
Vim li cas electron configuration tseem ceeb?
Qhov deb ntawm lub electron yog los ntawm lub nucleus, qhov siab dua lub zog no yuav yog. Thaum cov electrons nyob hauv tib lub zog, qib no siv lub npe ntawm lub zog orbitals. Koj tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas Electron configuration ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus siv lub rooj uas tshwm saum toj no cov ntawv nyeem.
Lub Electron configuration ntawm lub ntsiab tseem siv cov atomic naj npawb ntawm lub caij uas tau los ntawm lub periodic rooj. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub tias lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog dab tsi, txhawm rau kawm cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb hauv kev nthuav dav.
Qhov kev txheeb xyuas no yog ua tsaug rau plaub tus lej quantum uas txhua tus electron muaj, uas yog:
- sib nqus quantum tooj: qhia cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub orbital nyob rau hauv uas lub electron nyob.
- thawj coj loj tus lej quantum: nws yog lub zog theem uas lub electron nyob.
- Spin quantum tooj: hais txog kev tig ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob.
- Azimuthal los yog thib ob quantum tooj: nws yog lub orbit uas lub electron nyob.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm Electron configuration.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob yog kom paub meej qhov kev txiav txim thiab lub zog faib tawm ntawm atoms, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev faib tawm ntawm txhua qib zog thiab qib sub.
Hom Electron configuration.
- Qhov kev teeb tsa tshiab.
- Expanded configuration. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev teeb tsa no, txhua tus ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntawm ib lub atom yog sawv cev siv cov xub los sawv cev ntawm txhua qhov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub filling yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv tus account Hund lub siab tshaj plaws multiplicity txoj cai thiab Pauli tus cais txoj cai.
- condensed configuration. Txhua qib uas dhau los ua tiav hauv cov qauv kev teeb tsa yog sawv cev los ntawm cov pa roj zoo, qhov twg muaj kev sib txuas lus ntawm tus lej atomic ntawm cov pa thiab cov xov tooj ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas ua tiav qib kawg. Cov noble gases yog: Nws, Ar, Ne, Kr, Rn thiab Xe.
- Semi-expanded configuration. Nws yog kev sib xyaw ntawm kev nthuav dav configuration thiab condensed configuration. Nyob rau hauv nws, tsuas yog cov electrons ntawm lub xeem lub zog theem yog sawv cev.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev sau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom.
- Koj yuav tsum paub tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons uas lub atom muaj, rau qhov koj tsuas yog yuav tsum paub nws tus lej atomic vim qhov no sib npaug rau cov xov tooj ntawm electrons.
- Muab cov electrons tso rau hauv txhua qib zog, pib nrog qhov ze tshaj plaws.
- hwm lub peev xwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qib.
Cov kauj ruam kom tau txais lub teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm ib lub caij
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tus naj npawb atomic nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm yog ib txwm qhia nyob rau hauv lub Upper txoj cai lub thawv, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hydrogen, nws yuav yog tus naj npawb 1 uas tau pom nyob rau sab sauv ntawm lub thawv no, thaum nws atomic hnyav. los yog masico tus naj npawb, yog ib qho uas nyob rau sab sauv tab sis nyob rau sab laug.
Kev siv tus lej atomic no ua rau nws qhov kev teeb tsa los txiav txim siab los ntawm kev siv tus lej quantum thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv lub orbit.
Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv ntawm lub ntsiab configuration.
- Hydrogen, nws tus lej atomic yog 1, piv txwv li Z = 1, yog li ntawd, Z = 1: 1sa .
- Potassium, nws tus lej atomic yog 19, yog li Z = 19: 1sntawm lawv2sntawm lawv2P63sntawm lawv3p64sntawm lawv3dkaum4pa.
Kev nthuav tawm hluav taws xob.
Nws sib haum mus rau kev faib tawm ntawm txhua tus ntawm cov electrons nyob rau hauv lub orbitals thiab sub-levels ntawm ib tug atom. Ntawm no Electron configuration ntawm cov khoom no yog tswj hwm los ntawm Moeller daim duab.
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus, tsuas yog cov ntawv sau yuav tsum tau sau diagonally pib los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab thiab ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom raws li Electron configuration.
Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tshuaj tau muab faib ua plaub pawg, lawv yog:
- cov nkev zoo. Lawv ua tiav lawv lub voj voog hluav taws xob nrog yim electrons, tsis suav Nws, uas muaj ob lub electrons.
- hloov cov ntsiab lus. Lawv muaj lawv ob lub voj voog kawg tsis tiav.
- Kev hloov pauv sab hauv. Cov no muaj lawv qhov kawg peb lub orbit tsis tiav.
- tus neeg sawv cev. Cov no muaj ib qho tsis tiav sab nrauv.
Ua haujlwm nrog Elements thiab Compounds
Ua tsaug rau Electron configuration ntawm lub ntsiab, nws muaj peev xwm paub cov xov tooj ntawm electrons uas lub atoms muaj nyob rau hauv lawv orbits, uas yuav ua tau heev pab tau thaum tsim ionic, covalent bonds thiab paub lub valence electrons, qhov kawg no sib raug rau cov xov tooj ntawm electrons. hais tias lub atom ntawm ib yam khoom muaj nyob rau hauv nws lub xeem orbit los yog plhaub.
Desnity ntawm Elements
Txhua qhov teeb meem muaj huab hwm coj thiab ntim., tab sis qhov loj ntawm cov khoom sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv.
